Bone Markers - Their Nature and Clinical Use

investigating discourse markers use in spoken language between iranian tefl students and english native speakers

چارچوب نظری این مطالعه شامل یک گزارش عملکردی است و مبتنی بر تعریف شیفرین (1987) از مدل چند بعدی وابستگی مطالب است. این مطالعه 10 نشانگر گفتمان (بنابراین ، بله ، بسیار خوب ، باشه ، می دانید ، خوب ، چون، من فکر می کنم ، منظور من این است که ، در واقع) را با توجه به الگوی عملکردی مشلر(1994) در مورد نشانگرهای گفتمان طبقه بندی می کند. این مطالعه به بررسی مشخصات وقوع این عناصر در گفتار فی البداهه دانش...

Biochemical Markers of Acute and Chronic Ethanol Use: Forensic and Clinical Applications

Background: The analysis of ethanol in bio-samples is an important method for determination of acute alcohol use/abuse both in clinical and forensic toxicology. In forensic cases, it is known that micro-organisms involved in the postmortem putrefaction process can produce alcohol and when the body has been traumatized. In clinical setting, post-ingestion time has a critical role for determinati...

Biochemical markers of bone turnover and their utility in osteoporosis.

O steoporosis, an age-related, degenerative disease of bone is an asymptomatic disease that is diagnosed after an already unacceptable loss of bone has occurred. Alternatively, a compression fracture may lead to the initial diagnosis. Diagnosis is established by bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip and/or spine.1 BMD is a static measure of bone composition, reflecting its “history,” and detect...

Clinical Markers of Crohn’s Disease Severity and Their Association With Opiate Use

BACKGROUND The safety of opiate use for patients with Crohn's disease (CD) has long been a concern. The recent Crohn's therapy, resource, evaluation, and assessment tool (TREAT) registry update has added to these concerns by demonstrating an association of opiate use with an increased risk of infection and death in CD. While the association is clear, the relationship of opiates to these negativ...

Biomarkers of alcohol use: their nature, strengths, and limitations.